M. Kemal'in yarı-sömürge Kemalist sistemi

"1923-1925 aralığında pamuk ve yün iplik ile dokuma ve hazır elbise, Türkiye'nin toplam ithalatının % 30-43'lük bölümünü oluşturmaktaydı. Tarım dahil, ulusal ekonominin gelişme düzeyi öylesine düşük ve

emperyalist devletlere bağımlılık o denli büyüktü ki, Türkiye `tahıl´ bile ithal etmek zorunda kalmıştır. 

1923 yılından 1929'a değin Türkiye, 71.58 milyon lira tutarında 643 bin ton tahıl ithal etmiştir."[1]

Genellikle İstanbul, İzmir gibi birkaç liman kentinde toplanmış cılız bir hafif sanayi söz konusuydu. "Belli başlı

diğer şehirlerde yalnız birkaç un, debagat fabrikası mevcuttur.

Anadolu'da, diğer yerlerde önemli sanayi müesseseleri bulunmuyor."[2] Gelişen ve yayılan kapitalizm,

özellikle sanayi devrimi sonrasında, yerli sanayi (el sanatları) büyük ölçüde ortadan kaldırmıştı. Bu sürecin

sonucunda ülke ekonomisi "sanayisizleştirilerek" süreç içinde emperyalist merkezlere "organik" olarak

bağlanmıştı.

"(...) lstanbul'un yüzyıllarca en büyük işi olan saraçlık bitmiştir. Çanta, bavul vb. dışardan geldiğinden bu

meslekte ancak 200 kişi kalmıştır. Saraçlar ithal malı deri ile çalışmaktadır. Fakat deriye 27 kuruş, deriden

mamul eşyaya 15 kuruş gümrük konduğu için, saraçlık ölmüştür. Özel sanayi olan dericilik, Yedikule'de 1500

kadar usta ve işçiye bir geçim sağlamaktadır... Dokumacılık çok gerilemiştir. Pamuk iplikleri ve pamuklu

dokuma, çoğu İtalya ve İngiltere'den olmak üzere, dışardan gelmektedir... Bütün demirler gibi, demir eşya da

ithal olunmaktadır. Demir mamulatı sanayiinde, yılda yalnız 30 bin lira gibi çok küçük değerde imalat

yapılmaktadır."[3]

Cumhuriyetin ilanını izleyen dönemde, İstanbul Ticaret Odası tarafından hazırlanan rapordan yapılan

yukardaki alıntı, ülkenin dış kapitalizmin etki alanına girmesiyle, yerli sanayinin nasıl yok olmaya yüz

tuttuğunu ortaya koyuyor.

8 Mart 1921'de Maliye Bakanı Ferit Bey, TBMM'de yaptığı bir konuşmada şunları söylüyor:

"Şimdiye kadar hali Türkiye çalışıyor, üretiyor, fakat ürünlerinden başkaları yararlanıyor. Memleketimizde

herkes çalışıyor, birçok alın teri dökerek elde ettiğimiz iptidai maddeleri bin rica ve minnetle yok pahasına

harice satıyoruz.

Sonra yabancılar bu maddelerin şeklini değiştirerek bize iade ediyorlar. Bir kuruşa satıyoruz, yirmi kuruşa

satın alıyoruz. Kırk kuruşa bir okka yün veriyoruz, aynı yünü binikiyüz kuruşa bir metre halinde yalvararak

geri alıyoruz. Bu dünyanın neresinde görülmüştür.?"[4]

Aslında Bakan'ın bu duruma şaşması gerekmezdi. Benzer eşitsiz ticari ilişkiler hemen tüm sömürge ve yarısömürge

ülkeler için geçerliydi. Ve uluslararası işbölümü ve "eşit olmayan uzmanlaşmanın" ve

şartlandırmanın sonucuydu.[5]

**********

KAYNAKLAR:

[1] A. Hamdi (Başar) iktisadi Devletçilik, c.I, sayfa 55,78,79.

[2] Osmanlı Sanayii 1913-1915.

[3] Ticaret Odası iktisat Komisyonu Raporu, A. Hamdi Başar, Barış Dünyası Dergisi, sayı 58,55,52,53.

[4] istanbul Sanayi Odası Dergisi. 15 Nisan 1969.

[5] Doç. Dr. Fikret Başkaya Paradigmanın Iflası, Doz Yay., Ist., 1991, sayfa 123.

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The event that the Ottoman Empire ended 31 March incident

If we were to compare a ship of the Ottoman Empire, this ship 18. began to struggle with the storm of the century, 19. century with the tanzimat edict in 1839 tore a hole in the ship for the first time, began to take on water. By giving the authorisation has been suspended compromise the independence of the sultan of the state; the state of his / its own administrative structure,its broken. In later years, it has become hard stops multiplying the holes in the ship in the sea. 1909, “March jerking off case”, the ship officially, although it is not de facto sank. In later years the record is to be deducted from the work were made.

For this, in our history, “jerking off case has a very important place in March; the end of an era.

March wank in the event, seemingly driven and incentive at the beginning of the fence, the Dervish and his friends running unity connected with British shows. But it's not simple, at the end of the stage was put on a serious preparation. External forces, the various intrigues of the Sultan and the powers tirpanlayan 2. They were declared a constitutional monarchy. This did not suffice; they were at the beginning.


Before the event, the elders of the Organization Committee of Union and progress against them; his nation, his religion, who loves his country officers in the army under the pretext of the liquidation rejuvenation began. In the barracks, especially the importance of religious values in taskisla men, gusletmel to take ablution, taharet for use in water were not given. The Mania was to pray for various reasons. Then, early planted through agents, “those who do these things to us atheists, the enemies of religion are Constitutional befall them brought rebellion by our religion, our Sultan to go with religion.. there goes “ the soldiers were driven with slogans.

For the rebellion of the people, the army of Muhammad Dervish kurdurdul unity and unity and to their friends. Newspaper publication with the volcano showed activity against the Committee of Union and progress. Until now, I always do this activity if asked to connect with Sultan abdulhamid han is no longer of any interest for certain where it is not understood. Admit it, even the ones against the Sultan.

On the night of March 31, taskisla rebel recruits, officers have been imprisoned. The group of people walk down the street and 10-15 thousand people gathered in the blue square. They demanded some.

The one that makes religion goes hand in Istanbul because the soldiers and the people revolt, this time in Thessaloniki, “Islamic extremism, gerice bigots revolted; There goes Constitutional” soldiers of the third army to suppress the rebellion in salonika and fuss with the second army in Edirne “with the participation of the army movement” they'll have moved to nu. For this purpose, the road was filled months in advance, taking in food stores. Very few people knew this. A large part of the soldiers is not aware of the real situation, but they thought that they had come to save the Sultan. The army movement when it comes to Istanbul, the Palace plundered by the surrounding of the first stars. Abdulhamid han hal Parliament’ was.

As it is seen; the soldiers without taking their religious obligations, then go and “religion goes hand,” he organize them, and the people with volkan newspaper in the street, shed; go after her and constitutional in salonika on the other hand, the emergence of fundamentalism and the army mobilized a rally that the same hand it's been!


Exactly they want to reach the goal but still failed. The ultimate goal, the Ottoman Empire, in the reign of the Caliphate was to destroy. Rıza tevfik March Apostles describes the philosopher to be the case arranged from wank this intention:

“With us in the first place, including the British Ambassador, French, Italian Ambassador, they encouraged too. We saw them greatly intellectual support and encouragement. After the incident, we went to the British Embassy. But even though they are inside who had greeted us we asked “No!” dedirttil. We have had to give a mana. Years later, I asked the Lord the reason for this is Nicholson in London. Said:

“My friend Riza tevfik Bey, Yes we we encouraged you. We've been waiting for a great sequel. It represents together with the Sultan would be to tear down the institution of the Caliphate. We didn't get exactly the result we expected. Since the revolution did, but the institution of the Sultanate and the Caliphate stands in place.”

I asked the Lord: “the state of England, the institution of the Caliphate, why are you so interested?

“We in the Muslim countries, we've spent millions in gold in order to get it under the administration of them, we haven't been successful. However, the Sultan, once a year a “Hi-I şahane”, “Hafiz Osman Koran” is sending, and the Islamic Ummah, a borderless reverence, in the sense that it keeps at your disposal. So we just waited for it to fall to these forces, we were full alinamayacinc the sequel we want you cold.” (Ahmad Pumpkin-Foundation Trial)

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3. World War II And ISID

Italian magazine 30 days, a tight relationship in Washington are very different and worse than that, I was interviewed by Professor Gianfranco miglio! Prof. Miglio said briefly: "
The United States, the fall of the Soviet Union in the future, we have to take action to avoid the situation by considering their opponents! Among them, clasped around with Japanese and German economic power in Continental Europe!
America, like Europe today, never can keep up economically and technologically with a community that he could not bear! For this, it does what it is supposed to do!"


The professor said that these are now not in operation Desert Storm in the 1990s, the world shakes!


Germany, Japan, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia, U.S. Secretary of state James Baker that collects the money from the war period, he was putting in front of the opponents of the bill! The war is done and also collected billions of dollars and the Berlin-Baghdad railway was going to be the falling bombs falling down! At one time it is observed that the competition between Britain and Germany, completing the transfer of the area where it was!


The French Mediterranean fleet from NATO in the era of Charles de Gaulle out, he went his way, and then I had tried the atomic bomb!


Behind had taken steps to create a union with Germany! Shaken hands with was the German leader Konrad Adenauer!
Of course it was a tough situation like this today!


Anglo-Saxon United with the mind could not remain indifferent to it!

De Gaulle-Adenauer, from the Atlantic to the Urals up a united front, he is talking about! American and British financial Empire with the power of Arab oil, the use of proceeds from it was coming from!
Never could not remain indifferent to it...


So I had to hold oil and gas in the Muslim region to control the world!


Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Turkey, but it was very important! With the price of oil, Iraq suudlar "Riyadh" as an alternative to Out, you could manage the traffic with Turkey!


Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals Secret hit the headlines in Turkey in pursuit of the dream they were taking up! But Turkey was under British control for a very long time because they were unable to place in them as a partner! Perhaps the union between Ankara would mean the destruction from within!

London had set up a game like this!

For this reason, Europe between the UK and Turkey "who, how I will check that out!" there was a fight! He was carrying a British patent on the left and in the capital! The German and French PKK, dhkp-C, she was going out with black tones and they can use every formation. But the left with secularism or SELLING , that makes him untouchable and unquestionable it was the Brits always have the upper hand!


Because their people had raised in the country!


LEFT without knowing London was bound to unintentionally! For this, the wise selection of those who will give life to the left!


For example, the British universities chess tournament was organized from time to time in METU touched! (William Britney says! An NSA agent who spoke yazboz!) Featured in this tournament was thrown to the hook with his mind under any circumstances! And the leftist left for London because it was important! For example, the low level of interest to MI6 Muslim students hold the left and right and wouldn't leave! Because leftists had come to the conclusion that cases of much more tightly bound!
In pursuit of their values with those who are assigned more they thought it might have great results!


The chair was kicked to death at the gallows themselves that our youth!


Their influence and power in the events of the trip Left had emerged once again!
American soldiers in Europe, the Middle East was in the UK with her mind if she wanted to stop there!


The defenders consisted of ideologies in countries yesertere formed on behalf of himself HERSELF!


While collecting ENEMIES like a bull in a China shop with the British America didn't see anyone!


Europe and Russia, London and Washington, he's planting's face, and he could make the points he wants the agenda! Light of developments in Africa and the Middle East and China was making him comfortable!
MI6 Boko Haram gets them up and running, the world's attention was drawn there!


Bomb hits Somalia where Erdogan in Ankara, again looking over the Muslim terrorist he had a message! The groups he was no longer walking through the war already! In fact, the Queen, America, Asia keeps it away from! He wanted to stop struggling with the issue here!


See; ISID missed two Japanese journalists murdered!


Contention between ISID and Japan would be!
But I had too!


Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in tears, "I feel a very strong anger against this barbaric terrorist attack made despicable. I will try to ISID together with the international community to pay for what you did" was saying! So "Europe and Russia along with the United States, we're going to stop" wanted to say! Because Germany-Russia and France to Japan from an axis of the Atlantic Ocean he is talking about! The CIA has also to Japan through ISID "get out of the way!" warning!

Where?
In the Middle East!


Because both America and Europe in order to hand over the power of the Muslim geography was supposed to dominate! Japanese journalists being killed suudlar the new king of SELMA , one of the most trusted names in America, it was the prince to dismiss him!

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The Caliphate and the British

Republican April 23, 1920, was opened with prayer. Mustafa Kemal says they're fighting to save the Caliphate to the Muslim world against the invasion, and he wanted to help. Many Muslim countries from the war of independence by Mustafa Kemal was coming. They receive support in their struggle during the war of independence Mustafa Kemal and his friends one of the most important elements is fed from a discourse that religious feelings and religious concepts. But whatever happened, after the Treaty of Lausanne and the new Republic decided to cut relations with Islam. The Caliph abdülmecid of their choice, and banished hilafetilagvetti. This process Historian Ali Satan "British and Turkish abolition of the Caliphate in the documentation for the book" reveal all their nakedness.Here are the milestones of the process that began to cut the ropes with Islam in the Republic.

The defense of the Caliphate from inönü and wheel

The defense of the Caliphate and the wheel from inönü Colonel Rawlings, 1920, the government abolished the Sultanate and the Caliphate from kazım karabekir allocation is included in the proposal. According to the report in inebolu binbasihenry refet Pasha met with the Ankara government policy and we do not intend to invade Mesopotamia Panislamizm. England before the house of Lords, Lord Curzon describes the objectives of the Lausanne Peace Conference, the Turks want to establish relations with the West for the existence of: O to return to the Turks. The future, Moscow, Iran and Afghanistan is not good for you in your search, can't you see that?" he says.Lord Curzon against the threat of Ismet inönü's response is of a nature that may come as quite a surprise to most of us today. Before the talks in Lausanne, Ismet inönü 17 November 1920, originating in India, he told the standard newspaper, the Muslim, "the law is innocent of the Caliphate (protected), in his defense, he is ready to shed the blood of the whole Turkish nation," says. During the negotiations in Lausanne, it is claimed that the issue of the Caliphate are not discussed directly. However, in 1917, when he's got fahrettin Pasha was taken from the veneration of holy relics are asked to Medina. This request Ismet Pasha "the Holy cities of Mecca and Medina, the Caliph of the Prophet religion and relationships and ties with foreign governments are more involved in the area are of no concern for these issues, saying," rejects. However, things starts to happen after Dec is never mentioned developments indicating that the Lausanne talks. Premier Rauf Bey, according to the country returning to Inönü, mustafakemal brings the offer of the abolition of the Caliphate. According to karabekir Pasha, Lausanne, after actions commenced against the Islamic regime. Despite signing the Lausanne Treaty the Turkish side, England will take after the signature of the abolition of the Caliphate. Ismet inönü, this situation is "how they wanted it to be known that the reforms produce the body" by saying that explains.

Mustafa Kemal: "the Republic is suitable Sharia"

Exiled after the abolition of the Sultanate on 1 November, the Ottomans are not against the idea of the Republic. However, it is not clear what the Assembly will be elected Caliph abdülmecid.The Caliph is the President of the Council of Advocates, Mustafa Kemal "reactionary faction" and asserts that it is described as the nation's Assembly of Representatives. The institution of the Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal karsicikar while the Republican idea of Hz. Base their views of Muhammad. Hz. Muhammad "kingdoms will be me 30 years later," it will remind you of the hadith. Hz. After the death of Muhammad, "and the meaning of the Emirate of the Caliphate occurred under the formation of a government," says the administration of Justice, a Sharia-compliant government, he adds. In the war of independence, Mustafa Kemal starting to build their perception of the regime to the Muslim world that no longer wants to help in any other way begins to speak: "don't be merbut me for the Caliphate. Don't attempt to save the Caliphate 70 million... eight milyonumahva are a plague on our nation. Took the most brilliant phase of the period before the Ottoman Caliphate has made," he says.

Kurumunilga pushed the button for the Caliphate of the new regime. The Ankara government kazım karabekir, Rauf Bey, Adnan Adıvar, refet bele a meeting with the Caliph in Istanbul to get upset. Pro-Caliphate also have nothing to do with the conspiracy against themselves that they are fearful. However, the British according to reports, the Caliphate reigns saltanatsiz has adopted to stay away from politics. Ankara is afraid of again being used against them by forces outside of the Caliphate. On 29 October, the regime proclaimed to be a republic and Mustafa Kemal, the First President. The mustafakemal among the first to congratulate the reigns of the caliphs.

Deliberated only three hours

February 29th, the Friday prayer was performed in Hagia Sophia to pray in the name of the Caliph in which it is not. Now the People's Party group discussed concerning the abolition of the Caliphate of the day has come. Tunali hilmi "ilgaedilm the Caliphate. The Caliphate is here" by saying to the assembly points. At the end of the debate, one of the most important decisions in our history shall be taken within 3 hours and 20 minutes. After the abolition of the Caliphate as well as the decision of the Office of the Caliph and should be reported to the crime has become. The clock at ten thirty in Istanbul, all the phones are disconnected. Cops around translates to the Palace of dolmabahçe girerekkarar to the Caliph and the governor Haydar Bey reads. Reigns says it does not recognize the decision of the caliphs. Remaining in a difficult situation by saying that the situation reported to the governor of Ankara in the direction of the forced removal of the Caliph "dream" a telegram reads.After 20 minutes, the depression, the Caliph, accompanied by officials, the Palace is removed. Out of the house when it comes to a reporter "I'm not a traitor. Again, I'm going to pray for this nation," he says. From çatalca trenebindirile a Swiss visa is given to the Caliph 700 thousand pounds. Swiss flag next to the Turkish flag hangs when it reaches the Grand Hotel.

REACTIONS FROM THE ABOLITION OF THE CALIPHATE WEST
"Caliphate could not be removed because vatikanlastirila"

>> The historian Arnold toynbee, from the impatience of the abolition of the Caliphate by the Turkish nationalists in Ankara, Turkey stemmed from a lack vatikanlastirmay suggested that the Caliphate failed. >> The Daily Telegraph, from the leadership of the nation of Islam in Turkey claimed that the Tatar Republic turned into the third grade. Behind the abolition of the Caliphate French-Italian-Thessaloniki-induced lodges he was a radical claim. >> Of the observer, for the sake of Turkey's Europeanization "Eastern reputation"was saying that I had left. >>Based in Paris, Le journal, the British could not imagine the chance of trying to undermine the religious dignity of Istanbul, it says.

"FOR THE SIGNING OF LAUSANNE WAS EXPECTED TO ABOLISH"

Mustafa Armağan (researcher, writer)

We 23 August 1923 Lausanne's Day but we had the third stage of the assembly, namely, the approval of the head of state to come after we had managed to the point of the abolition of the Caliphate. In other words MustafaKemal Pasa Lausanne, after the abolition of the Caliphate, 28 days later was confirmed. So, you can be sure that a kind of chess played. After Greece approved the first Caliphate toast, then bizonaylayal, and then the Allied States... Indeed, we are treated more waste than the Greeks and 11 February 1924, Parliament endorsed in Lausanne. The President of the Allied States of their rights when approved do you know? On August 6, 1924. Well, what have waited all this time, huh? Apparently, the first to be seen whether the promises we make are being fulfilled in Lausanne, and then final approval would be given. In that era of the United Nations, the cemiyet-I League months later, on September 5 will be the establishment of the Republic of Turkey and the Treaty of Lausanne officially registered under the International Warranty would be taken. On the other hand, the preparation should be started after only six days of the Civil Code that doesn't make enough sense to you?

"TC FOUNDED AS AN ISLAMIC STATE"

Asst. Assoc. Dr. Tayfur Erdoğdu

A Sharia state in Turkey was founded as an Islamic Republic. This is evident when one looks at the founding principles of the Republic. These principles in the Constitution has been preserved until 1928.Abdülmecid Efendi's also personally chosen independently of the Constitution Assembly on November 17, 1922 Caliphate lasts for a year and a half, and this within four months of a year and a half, our republic is the Caliphate. Turkey until the Caliphate the Caliphate hereditary are removed based on" religious Republic. Before the announcement of the Assembly of the Republic with choosing the Caliph abdulmecid Efendi. Despite the abolition of the Sultanate, the Caliphate after the establishment of the Republic as it continues to appear to be hereditary, tartisilma of the Caliphate is one of the important reasons. In fact, according to the theory of the Caliphate, the Caliph of the Caliph of reisicumhur or reisicumhur or after the establishment of the Republic is supposed to be. If we were to keep out international balances in contrast, there was obstacle four: 1) The shifting of their religion, it doesn't want to don a religious attire Mustafa Kemal. 2) despite this, the desire for absolute domination of the presidency. 3) Intellectuals and deputies will be elected even though the last Ottoman Caliph in the public eye was conjoined with a continuous hereditary worthy can be seen. 4) as well as by political oppression and the Sultanate of ikrah to be removed because of the inability to reisicumhurlug even mentioned a possibility of Caliph abdulmecid Efendi.

"Documents in Turkish and British abolition of the Caliphate" author"
Historian Prof. Dr. Ali Satar

Reflections were followed carefully in the world of the Caliphate"

Presidential documents from the archives to show that it is the Caliphate; this Republican institutions at the highest level of attention and care has shown. There is a document on the decision process of the abolishment of the Caliphate, but the removal of the effects of the world, reflections were also carefully monitored. For example, a small news published in any country in the world the Prime Minister declared the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the missions of the sixth Prime Minister Ismet Pasha as the President presented for the information of uncensored. It is seen that some of uncensored news and comments because I said is quite critical.

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